Although a relative extrema may seem to be very similar to an absolute extrema, they are actually quite different. The term “relative” means compared to numbers nearby…so a relative extrema is either a bump or a dip on the function.
The term “absolute” means the most extreme on the entire function. An absolute extrema is the very highest or lowest point on the function. This may occur at a bump or a dip. They may also occur at the ends of the function if it is defined on a closed interval.
The MathFAQ below illustrates how to find these points on a function.
Extrema are the high and low points on a function’s graph.
It can be difficult to distinguish between the bumps and dips on a graph, the relative (or local) extrema, and the very highest and lowest points on a graph, the absolute extrema.
The Math-FAQ belows show how to find each type of extrema using derivatives.
a. How many units should be sold to maximize profit?
b. What is the maximum profit?
If you are given the revenue and cost functions, you’ll need to combine those to get the profit function first. Then you can use the first derivative to find the maximum.
As the maximization and minimization problems become more complicated, using a table to organize examples of what is being modeled becomes more and more useful. Let’s look at another example of how this might work.
Problem A rectangular container with a square base, an open top, and a volume of 8788 ft3 is to be constructed of sheet metal. Find the dimensions of the tank that has the minimum surface area.
Batch size problems are easily solved if the total cost function is given to you. Since this is a minimization problem at its heart, taking the derivative to find the critical point and then applying the first of second derivative test does the trick. However, if we need to find the total cost function the problem is more involved. In Section 12.4 I pointed out a strategy in which we can apply our pattern recognition skills and a table to come up with the total cost function. Let’s look at an example:
Problem Every year, Danielle Santos sells 59,520 cases of her Delicious Cookie Mix. It costs her 2 dollars per year in electricity to store a case, plus she must pay annual warehouse fees of 4 dollars per case for the maximum number of cases she will store. If it costs her 747 dollars to set up a production run, plus 6 dollars per case to manufacture a single case, how many production runs should she have each year to minimize her total costs?
Solution Start the table by labeling the columns:
I have filled in the table with some examples of number of production runs and size of production run to establish the pattern in the last row. Now let’s fill in the first row. Examine each of the entries in the first row carefully.
You can click on the table to view a larger image.
This is mostly the same as in the text. However, the warehouse fees are new. Since the fees are 4 dollars times the maximum stores in the warehouse at any time, we get 59520 ∙ 4.
Now let’s fill in the second row:
I hope you see the pattern emerging. Let’s fill in the last row:
The total cost function in ? is the sum of all of the individual costs or
After simplifying this function, you can find its minimum by taking the derivative and setting equal it equal to zero. This will give you the critical number that you can then verify using the second derivative.
As the maximization and minimization problems become more complicated, using a table to organize examples of what is being modeled becomes more and more useful. Let’s look at another example of how this might work.
